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at the beginning of the twentieth century

  • 1 ознаменоваться

    The beginning of the second half of the twentieth century was marked by man's first space efforts.

    Русско-английский словарь по космонавтике > ознаменоваться

  • 2 в

    1. (място, сфера на действие) in, on; at
    в Европа in Europe
    в града in town
    в Боровец at Borovets
    в къщи at home
    в стаята/градината in the room/garden
    отсядам в put up/stay at
    тумор в мозъка a tumor on the brain
    2. (движение) to, into, in; at
    пристигам в София/в хотела arrive in Sofia/at the hotel
    влизам в стаята go into the room, enter the room
    налей вода в чашата pour some water into the glass
    3. (време, времетраене) in, on, at; during, in the course of
    в бъдеще in the future
    в сряда on Wednesday
    в 10 часа at ten o'clock
    в 5 in 5
    в началото in the beginning
    в началото на април at the beginning of April, in early April
    в началото на срока at the beginning of term
    веднаж в седмицата/годината once (in) a week,/a year
    в двадесетия век in/during the twentieth century
    в движение in motion; on the move
    в безсъзнание съм be in a (dead) faint, be unconscious
    в паника съм be in a panic; panic
    в покой in repose, at rest; motionless
    5. (начин вид) in; into; on
    в галоп at a canter/gallop
    gallop a horse; влизам в подробности go/eater into detail(s)
    облечен в бяло dressed in white
    измервам нещо в градуси/проценти measure s.th. in degrees/percentages
    в общи черти in general outline, generally speaking
    драма в три действия a play in three acts, a three-act play
    в заем on loan, as a loan
    6. (цел) in, on
    в знак на уважение as a token of respect
    в името на in the name of
    в памет на in memory of
    в случай, че if, in case
    в действителност in reality, in fact. in point of fact; actually
    в частност in particular
    7. посока, навътре, вътре в, нагоре in, into, en-, up, im-
    въвеждам introduce
    вмъквам push. stick s.th. in(to)
    вдигам raise, lift (up)
    вдишвам breathe in, inspire
    (преминаване в ново състояние) make... с adj. em-, en-,-en; grow/become...
    вгорчавам make bitter, прен. embitter
    вгранявам се grow/become/turn rancid
    вкиселявам make s.th. turn sour
    (за усилване) intently, fixedly
    вслушвам се listen intently
    * * *
    в,
    предл.
    1. ( място, сфера на действие) in, on; at; (в рамките на) within; (за малки селища) at; \в Боровец at Borovets; \в зрителното поле within sight; във въздуха in the air; затъмнение \в белите дробове spots on the lungs; един камък го удари \в челото a stone hit him on the forehead; тумор \в мозъка a tumor on the brain;
    2. ( движение) to, into, in, at; влизам \в стаята go into the room, enter the room; пристигам \в София/\в хотела arrive in Sofia/at the hotel;
    3. ( време, времетраене) in, on, at; during, in the course of; \в бъдеще in the future; \в двадесетия век in/during the twentieth century; \в 10 часа at ten o’clock; \в 1970 г. in 1970; \в началото in the beginning; \в началото на април at the beginning of April; \в онези времена in those days; \в разстояние на една година in the course of a year; \в сряда on Wednesday; \в това време at that time, ( междувременно) meanwhile; веднъж \в седмицата/годината once (in) a week/a year;
    4. ( състояние) in; on; \в безсъзнание съм be in a (dead) faint, be unconscious; \в движение in motion; on the move; \в добро състояние in good health; \в покой in repose, at rest; motionless;
    5. ( начин, вид) in; into; on; \в галоп at a canter/gallop; \в заем on loan; влизам \в подробности go/enter into detail(s); \в множествено число in the plural; вървя \в крак keep in step; карам кон \в галоп ride full gallop; gallop a horse; облечен \в бяло dressed in white; пари взети \в заем borrowed money; плащам \в брой pay (in) cash; статуя \в естествена величина a life-size statue; стени, боядисани \в синьо walls painted blue;
    6. ( цел) in, on; \в заключение in conclusion; \в знак на уважение as a token of respect; \в името на in the name of; \в чест на in honour of; • \в действителност in reality, in fact, in point of fact; actually; във всеки случай at any rate; \в случай на in case of; \в случай че if, in case; \в частност in particular.
    * * *
    1. (в рамките на) within 2. (време, времетраене) in, on, at;during, in the course of 3. (движение) to, into, in;at 4. (за малки се нища) at 5. (място, сфера на действие) in, on;at 6. (начин 7. (състояние) in;on 8. (цел) in, on 9. 4 часа at ten o'clock 10. 5 год. in 11. 6;в кратко време in a short time 12. c шапка в ръка hat in hand 13. gallop a horse: влизам в подробности go/eater into detail(s) 14. в 15. в Боровец at Borovets 16. в Европа in Europe 17. в безсъзнание съм be in a (dead) faint, be unconscious 18. в бъдеще in the future 19. в галоп at a canter/gallop 20. в голямо количество in large quantities 21. в града in town 22. в двадесетия век in/during the twentieth century 23. в движение in motion;on the move 24. в действителност in reality, in fact. in point of fact;actually 25. в заем on loan, as a loan 26. в заключение in conclusion 27. в знак на уважение as a token of respect 28. в зрителното поле within sight 29. в името на in the name of 30. в интереса на някого in s.o.'s interest 31. в къщи at home 32. в множествено число in the plural 33. в началото in the beginning 34. в началото на април at the beginning of April, in early April 35. в началото на срока at the beginning of term 36. в общи черти in general outline, generally speaking 37. в онези времена in those days 38. в отговор на in reply to 39. в памет на in memory of 40. в паника съм be in a panic;panic 41. в покой in repose, at rest;motionless 42. в равновесие in equilibrium: в добро състояние in good health 43. в разстояние на една година in the course of a year 44. в случай на in case of 45. в случай, че if, in case 46. в сряда on Wednesday 47. в стаята/градината in the room/garden 48. в такова време in such weather 49. в това време at that time, (междувременно) meanwhile 50. в частност in particular 51. в чест на in honour of, влизам в изпълнение на задълженията си enter upon o.'s duties 52. веднаж в седмицата/годината once (in) a week,/a year 53. вид) in;into;on 54. влизам в стаята go into the room, enter the room 55. във всеки случай at any rate 56. във въздуха in the air 57. вървя в крак keep in step 58. драма в три действия a play in three acts, a three-act play 59. един камък го удари в челото a stone hit him on the forehead 60. затъмнение в белите дробове spots on the lungs 61. измервам нещо в градуси/проценти measure s.th. in degrees/percentages 62. изпращам в София send to Sofia 63. изчислено в левове calculated in levs 64. карам кон в галоп ride full gallop 65. налей вода в чашата pour some water into the glass 66. облечен в бяло dressed in white 67. отивам в града go to town 68. отивам си в къщи go home 69. отсядам в put up/stay at 70. пари взети в заем borrowed money 71. плащам в брой pay (in) cash 72. пристигам в София/в хотела arrive in Sofia/at the hotel 73. работя във фабрика work at a factory 74. сложи го в чантата си put it in(to) your bag 75. статуя в естествена величина а life size statue 76. стени боядисани в синьо walls painted blue 77. тумор в мозъка а tumor on the brain

    Български-английски речник > в

  • 3 siglo

    m.
    century (cien años).
    el siglo XX the 20th century
    el siglo de las Luces the Age of Enlightenment
    * * *
    1 century
    \
    hace un siglo que... / hace siglos que... I (we, they, etc) haven't... for ages
    por los siglos de los siglos for ever and ever
    el Siglo de las Luces the Age of Enlightenment
    el Siglo de Oro the Golden Age
    * * *
    noun m.
    2) age
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=cien años) century

    por los siglos de los siglos — world without end, for ever and ever

    siglo de oro — (Mit) golden age

    Siglo de Oro — (Literat) Golden Age

    2) (=largo tiempo)

    hace un siglo o hace siglos que no le veo — I haven't seen him for ages

    3) (Rel)
    * * *
    masculino ( período) century

    data del siglo XV — it dates from o is from the 15th century

    hace siglos or un siglo que no le escribo — (fam) I haven't written to her for ages (colloq)

    * * *
    Ex. Seymour Lubetzky is considered by many librarian to be the greatest theoretician of descriptive cataloging in this century.
    ----
    * a finales del + Siglo = late + Siglo.
    * a través de los siglos = over the centuries.
    * con el transcurso de los siglos = over the course of the centuries.
    * de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX = turn-of-the-century.
    * de hace siglos = of yore.
    * de hace varios siglos = centuries-old.
    * del siglo diecinueve = nineteenth-century.
    * del siglo diecisiete = seventeenth-century.
    * de mediados de siglo = mid-century.
    * de mitad de siglo = mid-century.
    * desde hace siglos = for yonks, for yonks and yonks.
    * desde principios de siglo = since the turn of the century, from the turn of the century.
    * durante siglos = for aeons, for centuries, over the centuries.
    * en el transcurso de los siglos = over the course of the centuries.
    * enfermedad del siglo viente = twentieth-century disease.
    * hace siglos = ages (and ages) ago, aeons ago, yonks.
    * hace siglos y siglos = yonks and yonks.
    * para principios de siglo = by the turn of the century.
    * Siglo de las Luces, el = Enlightenment, the, Age of Enlightenment, the.
    * siglos = donkey's years.
    * siglo trece = thirteenth century.
    * siglo XIX, el = nineteenth century, the, 19th century, the.
    * siglo XV = fifteenth century.
    * siglo XVI = sixteenth-century.
    * siglo XVII = seventeenth century.
    * siglo XVIII = eighteenth century.
    * siglo XX = 20th century, twentieth century, the.
    * siglo XXI = 21st century.
    * * *
    masculino ( período) century

    data del siglo XV — it dates from o is from the 15th century

    hace siglos or un siglo que no le escribo — (fam) I haven't written to her for ages (colloq)

    * * *

    Ex: Seymour Lubetzky is considered by many librarian to be the greatest theoretician of descriptive cataloging in this century.

    * a finales del + Siglo = late + Siglo.
    * a través de los siglos = over the centuries.
    * con el transcurso de los siglos = over the course of the centuries.
    * de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX = turn-of-the-century.
    * de hace siglos = of yore.
    * de hace varios siglos = centuries-old.
    * del siglo diecinueve = nineteenth-century.
    * del siglo diecisiete = seventeenth-century.
    * de mediados de siglo = mid-century.
    * de mitad de siglo = mid-century.
    * desde hace siglos = for yonks, for yonks and yonks.
    * desde principios de siglo = since the turn of the century, from the turn of the century.
    * durante siglos = for aeons, for centuries, over the centuries.
    * en el transcurso de los siglos = over the course of the centuries.
    * enfermedad del siglo viente = twentieth-century disease.
    * hace siglos = ages (and ages) ago, aeons ago, yonks.
    * hace siglos y siglos = yonks and yonks.
    * para principios de siglo = by the turn of the century.
    * Siglo de las Luces, el = Enlightenment, the, Age of Enlightenment, the.
    * siglos = donkey's years.
    * siglo trece = thirteenth century.
    * siglo XIX, el = nineteenth century, the, 19th century, the.
    * siglo XV = fifteenth century.
    * siglo XVI = sixteenth-century.
    * siglo XVII = seventeenth century.
    * siglo XVIII = eighteenth century.
    * siglo XX = 20th century, twentieth century, the.
    * siglo XXI = 21st century.

    * * *
    el siglo V después de Cristo the fifth century AD
    data del siglo XV it dates from o is from the 15th century
    mi madre es de otro siglo my mother's really old-fashioned o ( colloq) is still living in the last century
    hace siglos or un siglo que no le escribo ( fam); I haven't written to her for ages ( colloq)
    por los siglos de los siglos for ever and ever
    Compuestos:
    Age of Enlightenment
    Golden Age Siglo de Oro (↑ siglo a1)
    B ( liter)
    (mundo): el siglo the world
    retirarse del siglo ( Relig) to withdraw from the world
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    s.    
    siglo
    s. sustantivo masculino (
    ◊ siglo) C;

    s.XX C20
    siglo sustantivo masculino ( período) century;
    hace siglos or un siglo que no le escribo (fam) I haven't written to her for ages (colloq)
    siglo sustantivo masculino century
    a comienzos del siglo XV, at the beginning of the 15th century
    este tapiz data del siglo IV, this tapestry dates from the fourth century
    Siglo de las Luces, Age of Enlightenment
    fam (mucho tiempo) hacía siglos que no la veía, I had not seen her for ages
    ♦ Locuciones: por los siglos de los siglos, for ever and ever
    el crimen del siglo, the crime of the century

    ' siglo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    apuntar
    - construcción
    - corta
    - corto
    - descubierta
    - descubierto
    - diecinueve
    - escatológico
    - mundialmente
    - realista
    - datar
    - s.
    English:
    century
    - decade
    - early
    - turn
    - date
    - Enlightenment
    - hundred
    - late
    - well
    * * *
    siglo nm
    1. [cien años] century;
    el siglo XX the 20th century
    el siglo de las Luces the Age of Enlightenment;
    el Siglo de Oro the Golden Age [of Spanish literature]
    2. Fam [mucho tiempo]
    hace siglos que no la veo I haven't seen her for ages;
    por los siglos de los siglos for ever and ever
    * * *
    m century;
    un siglo que no le veo fig I haven’t seen him in a long long time;
    el Siglo de Oro the Golden Age;
    el Siglo de las Luces HIST the (Age of) Enlightenment
    * * *
    siglo nm
    1) : century
    2) : age
    el Siglo de Oro: the Golden Age
    hace siglos que no te veo: I haven't seen you in ages
    3) : world, secular life
    * * *
    1. (cien años) century [pl. centuries]

    Spanish-English dictionary > siglo

  • 4 comienzo

    m.
    start, beginning, kickoff.
    a comienzos del siglo XX at the beginning of the twentieth century
    dar comienzo (a algo) to start (something), to begin (something)
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: comenzar.
    * * *
    1 start, beginning
    \
    a comienzos de at the beginning of
    dar comienzo to begin, start
    estar en sus comienzos to be in its early stages
    * * *
    noun m.
    start, beginning
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=principio) [de película, historia, partido] beginning, start; [de proyecto, plan] beginning; [de enfermedad] onset

    al comienzo: al comienzo no entendía nada — at first I didn't understand anything

    al comienzo de la primavera — in early Spring, at the start of Spring

    los comienzos: en los comienzos de este siglo — at the beginning of this century

    en los comienzos del proceso democrático — in the early o initial stages of the democratic process

    una etapa muy difícil en sus comienzos — a very difficult stage, initially

    2)

    dar comienzo — [acto, curso] to start, begin, commence frm

    la ceremonia dio comienzo a las cinco de la tarde — the ceremony started o began o frm commenced at five o'clock

    3)

    dar comienzo a — [+ acto, ceremonia] to begin, start; [+ carrera] to start; [+ etapa] to mark the beginning of

    * * *
    masculino beginning

    al comienzo — at first, in the beginning

    el proceso fue muy lento en sus comienzos — initially, the process was very slow

    dar comienzo a algo — persona to begin something; ceremonia/acto to mark the beginning of something

    * * *
    = beginning, inception, starting, commencement, onset, start, initiation, dawning, input stage, kick-off, eruption, startup [start-up], start time, opening.
    Ex. In addition, synthesis often requires the use of a facet indicator, which marks the beginning of a new facet for example.
    Ex. Automated cataloging support systems, with any pretense to sophistication, did not begin to appear until the inception of the LC/MARC II (Library of Congress/Machine-Readable Cataloging) project in late 1967.
    Ex. The information seeking patterns of a variety of academic social scientists were broken down into 6 characteristics: starting; chaining; browsing; differentiating; monitoring; and extracting.
    Ex. The development of the course since its commencement is reviewed, and the reasons for changes in the course structure are discussed.
    Ex. In the 1980s came the onset of the 'new' immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe.
    Ex. Olle is right, however, in implying that after a slow start interest in, and writing about, official publishing in Britain has increased dramatically in recent years.
    Ex. The increase in emphasis on regional cooperation has resulted in the initiation of many regional projects.
    Ex. The Internet heralds the dawning of a new information age = Internet premoniza el amanecer de una nueva era de la información.
    Ex. To rephrase this in terms already used, they involve effort at the input stage in order to reduce effort at the output stage = Expresando esto con términos ya usados, suponen un esfuerzo en la etapa inicial con objeto de reducir el esfuerzo en la etapa final.
    Ex. The cooperative venture 'StoryLines America' joins libraries and public radio in smash kick-off.
    Ex. Information on the news items relevant to 'mad cow disease' was collected for a period of 100 days starting very close to the eruption of the crisis.
    Ex. This article presents some practical tips to help users of DIALOG's DIALOGLINK including buffer size, screen speed-up, startup short cuts, type-ahead buffer and use of DIALOGLING with other services.
    Ex. Reservations are held for 20 minutes after the slated event start time.
    Ex. Some of the common auxiliaries are allocated notations in which the facet indicators possess both an opening and a closure sign.
    ----
    * abocado al fracaso desde el comienzo = doomed from + the beginning, doomed from + the outset, doomed from + the start.
    * a comienzos de + Expresión Temporal = early + Expresión Temporal, the.
    * a comienzos de + Fecha = in the early + Fecha, in the early part of + Fecha.
    * a comienzos de + Período de Tiempo = by the turn of + Período de Tiempo, at the turn of + Período de Tiempo.
    * al comienzo = early on, at the outset, to start with, at startup.
    * al comienzo de = at the start (of), in the early days (of), at the outbreak of, at the onset of, early in.
    * comienzo de la guerra = outbreak of the war, breakout of + the war.
    * comienzo de la menstruación = menarche.
    * comienzo difícil = bumpy start.
    * comienzo fallido = false start.
    * comienzos = early days.
    * comienzo tardío = late start.
    * condenado al fracaso desde el comienzo = doomed from + the beginning, doomed from + the outset, doomed from + the start.
    * dar comienzo a = give + a start to.
    * dar un comienzo a = give + a start to.
    * de comienzos de + Expresión Temporal = earliest + Expresión Temporal.
    * desde el comienzo = from the outset, from the start, from the beginning, ab initio, from the word go, from the word get-go.
    * desde el comienzo de los tiempos = since the beginning of time, from the beginning of time, since time began.
    * desde los comienzos = from an early stage.
    * desde sus comienzos = from + its/their + inception, from + its/their + beginnings, since + its/their + beginnings, since + its/their + inception.
    * en los comienzos de = at the birth of.
    * en + Posesivo + comienzos = in + Posesivo + early days, in + Posesivo + early years.
    * en sus comienzos = budding.
    * fecha de comienzo = starting date, beginning date, date of commencement.
    * hora de comienzo = starting time, start time.
    * indicador de comienzo de subcampo = delimiter sign.
    * los comienzos de = the dawn of.
    * marcar el comienzo = usher in.
    * nuevo comienzo = new beginning, clean slate, new leaf.
    * posición de comienzo = offset value.
    * predestinado al fracaso desde el comienzo = doomed to + failure from its inception, doomed to + failure.
    * tener programado su comienzo = be scheduled to start.
    * tener un comienzo tardío
    * un nuevo comienzo = a fresh start.
    * * *
    masculino beginning

    al comienzo — at first, in the beginning

    el proceso fue muy lento en sus comienzos — initially, the process was very slow

    dar comienzo a algo — persona to begin something; ceremonia/acto to mark the beginning of something

    * * *
    = beginning, inception, starting, commencement, onset, start, initiation, dawning, input stage, kick-off, eruption, startup [start-up], start time, opening.

    Ex: In addition, synthesis often requires the use of a facet indicator, which marks the beginning of a new facet for example.

    Ex: Automated cataloging support systems, with any pretense to sophistication, did not begin to appear until the inception of the LC/MARC II (Library of Congress/Machine-Readable Cataloging) project in late 1967.
    Ex: The information seeking patterns of a variety of academic social scientists were broken down into 6 characteristics: starting; chaining; browsing; differentiating; monitoring; and extracting.
    Ex: The development of the course since its commencement is reviewed, and the reasons for changes in the course structure are discussed.
    Ex: In the 1980s came the onset of the 'new' immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe.
    Ex: Olle is right, however, in implying that after a slow start interest in, and writing about, official publishing in Britain has increased dramatically in recent years.
    Ex: The increase in emphasis on regional cooperation has resulted in the initiation of many regional projects.
    Ex: The Internet heralds the dawning of a new information age = Internet premoniza el amanecer de una nueva era de la información.
    Ex: To rephrase this in terms already used, they involve effort at the input stage in order to reduce effort at the output stage = Expresando esto con términos ya usados, suponen un esfuerzo en la etapa inicial con objeto de reducir el esfuerzo en la etapa final.
    Ex: The cooperative venture 'StoryLines America' joins libraries and public radio in smash kick-off.
    Ex: Information on the news items relevant to 'mad cow disease' was collected for a period of 100 days starting very close to the eruption of the crisis.
    Ex: This article presents some practical tips to help users of DIALOG's DIALOGLINK including buffer size, screen speed-up, startup short cuts, type-ahead buffer and use of DIALOGLING with other services.
    Ex: Reservations are held for 20 minutes after the slated event start time.
    Ex: Some of the common auxiliaries are allocated notations in which the facet indicators possess both an opening and a closure sign.
    * abocado al fracaso desde el comienzo = doomed from + the beginning, doomed from + the outset, doomed from + the start.
    * a comienzos de + Expresión Temporal = early + Expresión Temporal, the.
    * a comienzos de + Fecha = in the early + Fecha, in the early part of + Fecha.
    * a comienzos de + Período de Tiempo = by the turn of + Período de Tiempo, at the turn of + Período de Tiempo.
    * al comienzo = early on, at the outset, to start with, at startup.
    * al comienzo de = at the start (of), in the early days (of), at the outbreak of, at the onset of, early in.
    * comienzo de la guerra = outbreak of the war, breakout of + the war.
    * comienzo de la menstruación = menarche.
    * comienzo difícil = bumpy start.
    * comienzo fallido = false start.
    * comienzos = early days.
    * comienzo tardío = late start.
    * condenado al fracaso desde el comienzo = doomed from + the beginning, doomed from + the outset, doomed from + the start.
    * dar comienzo a = give + a start to.
    * dar un comienzo a = give + a start to.
    * de comienzos de + Expresión Temporal = earliest + Expresión Temporal.
    * desde el comienzo = from the outset, from the start, from the beginning, ab initio, from the word go, from the word get-go.
    * desde el comienzo de los tiempos = since the beginning of time, from the beginning of time, since time began.
    * desde los comienzos = from an early stage.
    * desde sus comienzos = from + its/their + inception, from + its/their + beginnings, since + its/their + beginnings, since + its/their + inception.
    * en los comienzos de = at the birth of.
    * en + Posesivo + comienzos = in + Posesivo + early days, in + Posesivo + early years.
    * en sus comienzos = budding.
    * fecha de comienzo = starting date, beginning date, date of commencement.
    * hora de comienzo = starting time, start time.
    * indicador de comienzo de subcampo = delimiter sign.
    * los comienzos de = the dawn of.
    * marcar el comienzo = usher in.
    * nuevo comienzo = new beginning, clean slate, new leaf.
    * posición de comienzo = offset value.
    * predestinado al fracaso desde el comienzo = doomed to + failure from its inception, doomed to + failure.
    * tener programado su comienzo = be scheduled to start.
    * tener un comienzo tardío
    * un nuevo comienzo = a fresh start.

    * * *
    beginning
    al comienzo at first, in the beginning
    el proceso fue muy lento en sus comienzos initially, the process was very slow
    dio comienzo al año lectivo it marked the beginning of the academic year
    dieron comienzo a la función con la tocata they began the performance with the toccata
    el concierto dará comienzo a las nueve the concert will begin at 9 o'clock
    los comienzos son siempre difíciles the first months ( o steps etc) are always difficult
    * * *

     

    Del verbo comenzar: ( conjugate comenzar)

    comienzo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    comenzar    
    comienzo
    comenzar ( conjugate comenzar) verbo transitivo
    to begin, commence (frml)
    verbo intransitivo
    to begin;

    comienzo haciendo algo/por hacer algo to begin by doing sth;
    comienzo a hacer algo to start doing o to do sth;
    comienzoon a disparar they started firing o to fire;
    comienzo por algo to begin with sth
    comienzo sustantivo masculino
    beginning;
    al comienzo at first, in the beginning;
    dar comienzo to begin;
    dar comienzo a algo [ persona] to begin sth;

    [ceremonia/acto] to mark the beginning of sth;

    comenzar verbo transitivo & verbo intransitivo to begin, start
    (a realizar una acción) comenzó a decir barbaridades, he started talking nonsense
    (una serie de acciones) comenzamos por mostrar nuestro desacuerdo, we started by showing our disagreement ➣ Ver nota en begin y start
    comienzo sustantivo masculino beginning, start
    ♦ Locuciones: a comienzos de, at the beginning of
    dar comienzo, to begin o start

    ' comienzo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    apertura
    - iniciar
    - origen
    - principio
    - iniciación
    English:
    beginning
    - conception
    - off
    - onset
    - opening
    - outbreak
    - outset
    - start
    - turn
    - commence
    - home
    - out
    - usher
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    start, beginning;
    lo sabían desde el comienzo they knew from the start o beginning;
    y esto es sólo el comienzo and this is just the start;
    tuvo unos comienzos poco prometedores it got off to an inauspicious start;
    a comienzos del siglo XX at the beginning of the 20th century;
    al comienzo in the beginning, at first;
    dar comienzo (a algo) to start (sth), to begin (sth);
    la función dio comienzo a las siete y media the performance started at half past seven;
    el secretario dio comienzo a la reunión the secretary began o opened the meeting
    * * *
    m beginning;
    al comienzo, en un comienzo at first, in the beginning;
    un comienzo from the start;
    a comienzos de junio at the beginning of June
    * * *
    1) : start, beginning
    2)
    al comienzo : at first
    3)
    dar comienzo : to begin
    * * *
    comienzo n beginning

    Spanish-English dictionary > comienzo

  • 5 век

    1. муж.
    century, centenary

    конец века — the close/the end of the century

    age; epoch
    3) только ед.; разг. ( жизнь)

    доживать свой век — to live out one's life/days

    отжить свой век — to have had one's day, to go out of fashion/use; to superannuate

    ••

    жить в веках — возвыш. to live forever, to live through the ages

    - во веки веков
    - идти в ногу с веком
    - на веки вечные     2. нареч.; разг.
    for ages; always

    мы с тобой век не видались — we haven't met for ages, we haven't seen each other for ages

    Русско-английский словарь по общей лексике > век

  • 6 във

    вж. в
    * * *
    в предл.
    1. ( място, сфера на действие) in, on; at; (в рамките на) within; (за малки селища) at; \във Боровец at Borovets; \във зрителното поле within sight; във въздуха in the air; затъмнение \във белите дробове spots on the lungs; един камък го удари \във челото a stone hit him on the forehead; тумор \във мозъка a tumor on the brain;
    2. ( движение) to, into, in, at; влизам \във стаята go into the room, enter the room; пристигам \във София/\във хотела arrive in Sofia/at the hotel;
    3. ( време, времетраене) in, on, at; during, in the course of; \във бъдеще in the future; \във двадесетия век in/during the twentieth century; \във 10 часа at ten o’clock; \във 1970 г. in 1970; \във началото in the beginning; \във началото на април at the beginning of April; \във онези времена in those days; \във разстояние на една година in the course of a year; \във сряда on Wednesday; \във това време at that time, ( междувременно) meanwhile; веднъж \във седмицата/годината once (in) a week/a year;
    4. ( състояние) in; on; \във безсъзнание съм be in a (dead) faint, be unconscious; \във движение in motion; on the move; \във добро състояние in good health; \във покой in repose, at rest; motionless;
    5. ( начин, вид) in; into; on; \във галоп at a canter/gallop; \във заем on loan; влизам \във подробности go/enter into detail(s); \във множествено число in the plural; вървя \във крак keep in step; карам кон \във галоп ride full gallop; gallop a horse; облечен \във бяло dressed in white; пари взети \във заем borrowed money; плащам \във брой pay (in) cash; статуя \във естествена величина a life-size statue; стени, боядисани \във синьо walls painted blue;
    6. ( цел) in, on; \във заключение in conclusion; \във знак на уважение as a token of respect; \във името на in the name of; \във чест на in honour of; • \във действителност in reality, in fact, in point of fact; actually; във всеки случай at any rate; \във случай на in case of; \във случай че if, in case; \във частност in particular.
    * * *
    into
    * * *
    вж. в

    Български-английски речник > във

  • 7 Philosophy

       And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)
       Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)
       As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)
       It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the influence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic influences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)
       Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)
       I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)
       What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.
       This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).
       The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....
       Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)
       8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science
       In the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)
       Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....
       Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)
       In his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy

  • 8 Н-36

    БРАТЬ (СВОЁ) НАЧАЛО где, из чего VP, subj: река, дорога etc, the name of a river, road etc, or abstr pres or past usu. this WO (of a river, road etc) to have its beginning, originate (in some place) (of a method, idea etc) to derive (from sth.): X берет начало в месте (около места и т. п.) Y (of а river, road etc) X begins (originates) in (at, near etc) place Y (of a river only) X rises in (springs from, flows from) Y X has its source (origin) in Y
    X берет начало из Y-a - (of a method, idea etc) X arises (stems, springs) from Y
    X has its source (origin) in Y X goes back to Y.
    Волга берет начало на Валдайской возвышенности. The Volga flows from the Valdai Hills.
    Новый уклад пользовался старыми представлениями и фразеологией, берущими своё начало еще из дореволюционного становления большевистского крыла социал-демократической партии (Гроссман 2)....It (this new social order) still made use of (notions and) phraseology that went back to the beginning of the twentieth century and the formation of the Bolshevik wing of the Social Democratic Party (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > Н-36

  • 9 брать начало

    [VP; subj: река, дорога etc, the name of a river, road etc, or abstr; pres or past; usu. this WO]
    =====
    ⇒ (of a river, road etc) to have its beginning, originate (in some place); (of a method, idea etc) to derive (from sth.):
    - X берет начало в месте (около места и т. п.) Y ≈ [of a river, road etc] X begins (originates) in (at, near etc) place Y;
    - [of a river only] X rises in (springs from, flows from) Y;
    || X берет начало из Y-a - [of a method, idea etc] X arises (stems, springs) from Y;
    - X goes back to Y.
         ♦ Волга берет начало на Валдайской возвышенности. The Volga flows from the Valdai Hills.
         ♦ Новый уклад пользовался старыми представлениями и фразеологией, берущими своё начало еще из дореволюционного становления большевистского крыла социал-демократической партии (Гроссман 2)....It [this new social order] still made use of [notions and] phraseology that went back to the beginning of the twentieth century and the formation of the Bolshevik wing of the Social Democratic Party (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > брать начало

  • 10 брать свое начало

    [VP; subj: река, дорога etc, the name of a river, road etc, or abstr; pres or past; usu. this WO]
    =====
    ⇒ (of a river, road etc) to have its beginning, originate (in some place); (of a method, idea etc) to derive (from sth.):
    - X берет начало в месте (около места и т. п.) Y ≈ [of a river, road etc] X begins (originates) in (at, near etc) place Y;
    - [of a river only] X rises in (springs from, flows from) Y;
    || X берет начало из Y-a - [of a method, idea etc] X arises (stems, springs) from Y;
    - X goes back to Y.
         ♦ Волга берет начало на Валдайской возвышенности. The Volga flows from the Valdai Hills.
         ♦ Новый уклад пользовался старыми представлениями и фразеологией, берущими своё начало еще из дореволюционного становления большевистского крыла социал-демократической партии (Гроссман 2)....It [this new social order] still made use of [notions and] phraseology that went back to the beginning of the twentieth century and the formation of the Bolshevik wing of the Social Democratic Party (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > брать свое начало

  • 11 Garforth, William Edward

    [br]
    b. 1845 Dukinfield, Cheshire, England
    d. 1 October 1921 Pontefract, Yorkshire, England
    [br]
    English colliery manager, pioneer in machine-holing and the safety of mines.
    [br]
    After Menzies conceived his idea of breaking off coal with machines in 1761, many inventors subsequently followed his proposals through into the practice of underground working. More than one century later, Garforth became one of the principal pioneers of machine-holing combined with the longwall method of working in order to reduce production costs and increase the yield of coal. Having been appointed agent to Pope \& Pearson's Collieries, West Yorkshire, in 1879, of which company he later became Managing Director and Chairman, he gathered a great deal of experience with different methods of cutting coal. The first disc machine was exhibited in London as early as 1851, and ten years later a pick machine was invented. In 1893 he introduced an improved type of deep undercutting machine, his "diamond" disc coal-cutter, driven by compressed air, which also became popular on the European continent.
    Besides the considerable economic advantages it created, the use of machinery for mining coal increased the safety of working in hard and thin seams. The improvement of safety in mining technology was always his primary concern, and as a result of his inventions and his many publications he became the leading figure in the British coal mining industry at the beginning of the twentieth century; safety lamps still carry his name. In 1885 he invented a firedamp detector, and following a severe explosion in 1886 he concentrated on coal-dust experiments. From the information he obtained of the effect of stone-dust on a coal-dust explosion he proposed the stone-dust remedy to prevent explosions of coal-dust. As a result of discussions which lasted for decades and after he had been entrusted with the job of conducting the British coal-dust experiments, in 1921 an Act made it compulsory in all mines which were not naturally wet throughout to treat all roads with incombustible dust so as to ensure that the dust always consisted of a mixture containing not more than 50 per cent combustible matter. In 1901 Garforth erected a surface gallery which represented the damaged roadways of a mine and could be filled with noxious fumes to test self-contained breathing apparata. This gallery formed the model from which all the rescue-stations existing nowadays have been developed.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1914. LLD Universities of Birmingham and Leeds 1912. President, Midland Institute 1892–4. President, The Institution of Mining Engineers 1911–14. President, Mining Association of Great Britain 1907–8. Chairman, Standing Committee on Mining, Advisory Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Fellow of the Geological Society of London. North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers Greenwell Silver Medal 1907. Royal Society of Arts Fothergill Gold Medal 1910. Medal of the Institution of Mining Engineers 1914.
    Bibliography
    1901–2, "The application of coal-cutting machines to deep mining", Transactions of the Federated Institute of Mining Engineers 23: 312–45.
    1905–6, "A new apparatus for rescue-work in mines", Transactions of the Institution of Mining Engineers 31:625–57.
    1902, "British Coal-dust Experiments". Paper communicated to the International Congress on Mining, Metallurgy, Applied Mechanics and Practical Geology, Dusseldorf.
    Further Reading
    Garforth's name is frequently mentioned in connection with coal-holing, but his outstanding achievements in improving safety in mines are only described in W.D.Lloyd, 1921, "Memoir", Transactions of the Institution of Mining Engineers 62:203–5.
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Garforth, William Edward

  • 12 Hoover, William Henry

    [br]
    b. 1849 New Berlin (now North Canton), Ohio, USA
    d. 25 February 1932 North Canton, Ohio, USA
    [br]
    American founder of the Electric Suction Company, which manufactured and successfully marketed the first practical and portable suction vacuum cleaner.
    [br]
    Hoover was descended from a Swiss farming family called Hofer who emigrated from Basle and settled in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, in the early eighteenth century. By 1832 the family had become tanners and lived near North Berlin in Ohio. In 1870 William Henry Hoover, who had studied at Mount Union College, bought the tannery with his brothers and soon expanded the business to make horse collars and saddlery. The firm expanded to become W.H.Hoover \& Co. In the early years of the first decade of the twentieth century, horses were beginning to be replaced by the internal combustion engine, so Hoover needed a new direction for his firm. This he found in the suction vacuum cleaner devised in 1907 by J.Murray Spangler, a cousin of Hoover's wife. The first successful cleaner of this type had been operating in England since 1901 (see Booth), but was not a portable model. Attracted by the development of the small electric motor, Spangler produced a vertical cleaner with such a motor that sucked the dust through the machine and blew it into a bag attached to the handle. Spangler applied for a patent for his invention on 14 September in the same year; it was granted for a carpet sweeper and cleaner on 2 June 1908, but Spangler was unable to market it himself and sold the rights to Hoover. The Model O machine, which ran on small wheels, was immediately manufactured and marketed. Hoover's model was the first electric, one-person-operated, domestic vacuum cleaner and was instantly successful, although the main expansion of the business was delayed for some time until the greater proportion of houses were wired for electricity. The Hoover slogan, "it beats as it sweeps as it cleans", came to be true in 1926 with the introduction of the Model 700, which was the first cleaner to offer triple-action cleaning, a process which beat, swept and sucked at the carpet. Further advances in the 1930s included the use of magnesium and the early plastics.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    G.Adamson, 1969, Machines at Home, Lutterworth Press.
    How it Works: The Universal Encyclopaedia of Machines, Paladin. D.Yarwood, 1981, The British Kitchen, Batsford, Ch. 6.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Hoover, William Henry

  • 13 С начала

    At the beginning
    Since the early 1960s several generalized theories of differentiation have been proposed by different authors
    From the beginning of the twentieth century,...

    Русско-английский словарь по прикладной математике и механике > С начала

  • 14 il

    art m sg the
    il signor Conte Mr Conte
    il martedì on Tuesdays
    3000 lire il chilo 3000 lire a kilo
    mi piace il caffè I like coffee
    * * *
    il1 art.det.m.sing.
    1 the: il buono e il cattivo, the good and the bad; il principio e la fine, the beginning and the end; il rovescio della medaglia, the other side of the coin; il punto di partenza, the starting point; il Mar Mediterraneo, the Mediterranean Sea; il Canale della Manica, the English Channel; il Capo di Buona Speranza, the Cape of Good Hope; il Po è più lungo del Tevere, the Po is longer than the Tiber; il re di Francia, the king of France; il Principe di Galles, the Prince of Wales; il Primo Ministro britannico, the British Prime Minister; Alfredo il Grande, Alfred the Great; il cielo è sereno, the sky is clear; il sole era già alto sull'orizzonte, the sun was already high above the horizon; il signore in prima fila è il prefetto, the man in the front row is the Prefect; è il primo nell'elenco, he's the first on the list; il film più premiato dell'anno, the most highly acclaimed film of the year; ti rendo il libro che mi hai prestato, I'm giving you back the book you lent me; il ventesimo secolo, the twentieth century; la scuola riprende il 1o di settembre, school starts again on 1st September (letto September the first); il leone è simbolo di forza, the lion is a symbol of strength
    2 (spesso non si traduce): il signor Rossi, Mr Rossi; il dottor Bianchi, Dr Bianchi; il tenente Brown, Lieutenant Brown; il re Giorgio III, King George III; il Presidente Bush, President Bush; il Giappone, Japan; il Monte Bianco, Mont Blanc; il giorno di Natale, Christmas Day; nel 1989, in 1989; il mese prossimo, scorso, next, last month; il museo resta chiuso il lunedì, the museum is closed on Mondays; il golf è lo sport nazionale degli Scozzesi, golf is the Scottish national sport; il latte è un alimento completo, milk is a meal in itself; il calcio e il magnesio sono elementi chimici, calcium and magnesium are chemical elements; prendiamo il tè alle cinque, we have tea at 5 o'clock; il pranzo è servito, dinner is served; (il) viaggiare arricchisce la mente, travel broadens the mind; adoro il giallo, I love yellow; studia il tedesco e il russo, he studies German and Russian; il consumismo è un tipico aspetto della vita moderna, consumerism is a typical aspect of life today; il mio orologio è fermo, my watch has stopped; il padre di Enrico, Henry's father; il Verga è il massimo esponente del verismo italiano, Verga is the greatest exponent of Italian realism
    3 (si traduce con un agg. poss.): lui è italiano, il padre e la madre sono tedeschi, he's Italian, but his mother and father are German; devo mettere il vestito nuovo?, shall I wear my new dress?; togliti il soprabito, take your coat off; quanto zucchero metti nel caffè?, how much sugar do you put in your coffee?; non mettere il naso nelle faccende che non ti riguardano, don't poke your nose into other people's business // perdere il lume della ragione, to lose one's reason (o to go off one's mind)
    4 (si traduce con l'art. indef.) a, an: il serpente è un rettile, a snake is a reptile; il farmacista vende medicinali, a chemist sells medicines; per eseguire questo calcolo occorre il computer, you need a calculator for this sum; ha il naso affilato, he's got a sharp nose; abbiamo una casa col giardino davanti, we have a house with a garden in front; il nonno fumava il sigaro, my grandfather smoked a cigar; da grande vuol fare il calciatore, he wants to be a footballer when he grows up; chiedere il divorzio, to ask for a divorce
    5 (si traduce con il partitivo) some, any: hai comprato il sale?, have you bought any salt?; devo scendere in cantina a prendere il vino, I must go down to the cellar for some wine; questa pentola non ha il coperchio, this pan hasn't got any lid
    6 (con valore distr.) a, an: le rose costano dieci euro il mazzo, the roses cost ten euros a bunch; guadagna 1.800 euro al mese, he earns 1,800 euros a month.
    il2 pron.pers.m. 3a pers.sing.compl.ogg. (ant.) him, it.
    * * *
    [il]
    articolo determinativo maschile singolare (il, lo, la; pl. í, gli, le; in the masculine, il is used before a consonant sound, except before s followed by a consonant, and before gn, pn, ps, x and z; lo is used before a vowel sound - in the form l' -, before s followed by a consonant, and before gn, pn, ps, x and z; la is used in the feminine, but the form l' is used before a vowel) the spesso omesso
    * * *
    il
    /il/
    artc.det.m.sing.
    (il, lo, la; pl. i, gli, le; in the masculine, il is used before a consonant sound, except before s followed by a consonant, and before gn, pn, ps, x and z; lo is used before a vowel sound - in the form l' -, before s followed by a consonant, and before gn, pn, ps, x and z; la is used in the feminine, but the form l' is used before a vowel) the spesso omesso.
    \
    See also notes... (il.pdf)

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > il

  • 15 Brinell, Johann August

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1849 Småland, Sweden
    d. 17 November 1925 Stockholm, Sweden
    [br]
    Swedish metallurgist, inventor of the well-known method of hardness measurement which uses a steel-ball indenter.
    [br]
    Brinell graduated as an engineer from Boräs Technical School, and his interest in metallurgy began to develop in 1875 when he became an engineer at the ironworks of Lesjöfors and came under the influence of Gustaf Ekman. In 1882 he was appointed Chief Engineer at the Fagersta Ironworks, where he became one of Sweden's leading experts in the manufacture and heat treatment of tool steels.
    His reputation in this field was established in 1885 when he published a paper on the structural changes which occurred in steels when they were heated and cooled, and he was among the first to recognize and define the critical points of steel and their importance in heat treatment. Some of these preliminary findings were first exhibited at Stockholm in 1897. His exhibit at the World Exhibition at Paris in 1900 was far more detailed and there he displayed for the first time his method of hardness determination using a steel-ball indenter. For these contributions he was awarded the French Grand Prix and also the Polhem Prize of the Swedish Technical Society.
    He was later concerned with evaluating and developing the iron-ore deposits of north Sweden and was one of the pioneers of the electric blast-furnace. In 1903 he became Chief Engineer of the Jernkontoret and remained there until 1914. In this capacity and as Editor of the Jernkontorets Annaler he made significant contributions to Swedish metallurgy. His pioneer work on abrasion resistance, undertaken long before the term tribology had been invented, gained him the Rinman Medal, awarded by the Jernkontoret in 1920.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Member of the Swedish Academy of Science 1902. Dr Honoris Causa, University of Upsala 1907. French Grand Prix, Paris World Exhibition 1900; Swedish Technical Society Polhem Prize 1900; Iron and Steel Institute Bessemer Medal 1907; Jernkontorets Rinman Medal 1920.
    Further Reading
    Axel Wahlberg, 1901, Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 59:243 (the first English-language description of the Brinell Hardness Test).
    Machinery's Encyclopedia, 1917, Vol. III, New York: Industrial Press, pp. 527–40 (a very readable account of the Brinell test in relation to the other hardness tests available at the beginning of the twentieth century).
    Hardness Test Research Committee, 1916, Bibliography on hardness testing, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.
    ASD

    Biographical history of technology > Brinell, Johann August

  • 16 Drake, Edwin Laurentine

    [br]
    b. 29 March 1819 Greenville, New York, USA
    d. 8 November 1880 Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
    [br]
    American pioneer oil driller.
    [br]
    He worked on his father's farm, was a clerk in a hotel and a store, and then became an express agent at a railway company in Springfield, Massachusetts, c.1845. After he had been working as a railway conductor in New Haven, Connecticut, for eight years, he resigned because of ill health. Owning some stocks in a Pennsylvania rock-oil company, which gathered oil from ground-level seepages mainly for medicinal use, he was engaged by this company and moved to Titusville, Pennsylvania, at the age of almost 40. After studying salt-well drilling by cable tool, which was still percussive, he became enthusiastic about the idea of using the same method to drill for oil, especially after researches in chemistry had revealed this new sort of fossil energy some years before.
    As a manager of the Seneca Oil Company, which referred to him as "Colonel" in letters of introduction simply to impress people with such titles, Drake began drilling in 1858, almost at the same time as pole-tool drilling for oil was started in Germany. His main contribution to the technology was the use of an iron pipe driven through the quicksand and the bedrock to prevent the bore-hole from filling. After nineteen months he struck oil at a depth of 21 m (69 ft) in August 1859. This was the first time that petroleum was struck at its source and the first proof of the presence of oil reservoirs within the earth's surface. Drake inaugurated the search for and the exploitation of the deep oil resources of the world and he initiated the science of petroleum engineering which became established at the beginning of the twentieth century.
    Drake failed to patent his drilling method; he was content being an oil commission merchant and Justice of the Peace in Titusville, which like other places in Pennsylvania became a boom town. Four years later he went to New York, where he lost all his money in oil speculations. He became very ill again and lived in poverty in Vermont and New Jersey until 1873, when he moved to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, where he was pensioned by the state of Pennsylvania. The city of Titusville erected a monument to him and founded the Drake Museum.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Dictionary of American Biography, Vol. III, pp. 427–8.
    Ida M.Tarbell, 1904, "The birth of industry", History of the Standard Oil Company, Vol. I, New York (gives a lively description of the booming years in Pennsylvania caused by Drake's successful drilling).
    H.F.Williamson and A.R.Daum, 1959, The American Petroleum Industry. The Age of Illumination, Evans ton, Ill.
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Drake, Edwin Laurentine

  • 17 пожинать горькие плоды

    taste (eat) the bitter fruit (fruits) of smth.

    Невозможно, немыслимо в последней трети XX века действовать так, как действовали иные державы на заре этого века, огнём и мечом покоряя целые континенты. И тот, кто упорствует в проведении этой старомодной военной политической линии, пожнёт в конце концов горькие плоды. (Ю. Жуков, Оружие и люди) — No country can act in the last third of the twentieth century as some did at its beginning when entire continents were subjugated by fire and sword. Those who persist in pursuing this outdated policy will eat the bitter fruit of their own doings.

    Русско-английский фразеологический словарь > пожинать горькие плоды

  • 18 выход человека в космос

    [см. тж. проникновение в космос]
    The beginning of the second half of the twentieth century was marked by man's first space efforts.

    Русско-английский словарь по космонавтике > выход человека в космос

  • 19 в начале двадцатого века

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > в начале двадцатого века

  • 20 в начале столетия

    В начале столетия-- Controlled impact testing on notched bars was developed at the beginning of the twentieth century.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > в начале столетия

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